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Chicken is difficult because it is non-uniform in thickness, and non-uniform in density (bone-in). Brats are easy because they are uniform, as are steaks (cut to thickness). Chicken thighs can handle some abuse, but bone-in leg quarters seem challenging to me. Hard to get the inside cooked without burning the outside. It's easier to cook those in the oven where you can control temperature better, but then you're roasting, not grilling.
I would absolutely use a marinade on the chicken. Acid, salt, and fat are what you need, along with aromatics. Acid is usually lemon or lime juice, but can be vinegar or even wine (red wine makes dark chicken). Salt is salt, or soy sauce (again, dark chicken). Fat is some liquid oil. Aromatics would be garlic and fresh herbs. How's your herb garden looking this spring? If you don't want to make one, use a bottled salad dressing, or a bottled sauce.
Seasoned salt will work fine, as will salt and pepper. Powdered spices to include on top of just S&P would be garlic powder, onion powder, paprika, chili powder, cumin, coriander, turmeric, and so on, depending on what flavors you want. Garlic powder as the only addition to S&P is the simplest and will get you great results on steaks.
Brining is nice to do. Dry brine just means salt well ahead of time and leave uncovered in the fridge. Pat dry when you remove. This pulls out moisture and usually leaves better crust and browning on the outside, while transmitting some of the salt into the meat. Wet brine is basically a marinade with only salt and aromatics, no fat or acid. If you're marinating, you're usually brining by default. Wet brines can help keep moisture in the meat, so for chicken especially it's useful, since dry chicken is the common failure. There's a reason your Thanksgiving turkey comes packed in brine.
I've experimented a little with marinades before when trying to perfect my fajitas, but there are some things I am unsure about with them still. For instance, do you always throw your marinade out once you're done with the meat? It seems a bit of a waste to me. Glazing it on is an option I've seen floated, but that seems like it adds extra considerations. And let's say that my marinade is 100% acid. How long is it safe to leave the meat marinating in it? How about 50%? I know that meat gets mealy if you marinate too long, but I don't know how long it needs to get an effect at all.
Since fajitas are just about my favorite meal, maybe I can give grilled pork or chicken fajitas a shot. Also, I can see clearly that I'll need to order a couple thermometers to do grilling correctly. Thankfully, chicken thighs are forgiving. I will take your leg quarter advice under consideration. They do really well in the oven anyway. I tried a soy honey marinade once with leg quarters, and then baked it in with the marinade, but it just turned out really watery and the soy honey flavor didn't come through very well.
If you have a really fantastic marinade that you want to use as a sauce, put it in a small saucepan and cook it down to a thicker consistency.
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Yes, and honestly I don't feel bad about it because it was just there to flavor the meat. It did its job, no need to keep it around.
Marinating is something where you will generally want to spend hours to get any effect. When I do jerk chicken, I marinate overnight. It's perfectly safe as far as I'm aware and I've never had negative results.
You don't need to (lots of cooks have made great meals without thermometers), but they can be helpful for sure. I highly recommend Thermapens. They read temperature near instantly, and they hold up to use very well. They are on the pricy side but I find that worth it for a tool you'll have for a long time to come.
Also if you get into smoking, consider getting a remote probe setup. Ideally it would have at least two probes (one for the meat and one to clip to the grill surface), and the remote will let you monitor the temperature from anywhere in your house. That way you can kick back and relax with (insert beverage of choice here), which is really the best part of smoking meat.
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Yes, you typically toss the marinade, or use it as a glaze while cooking. Just glazing doesn't give you the time that you need. Cooking with the marinade means too much water, which means lower heat (212F), which means no browning.
Long exposure to acid will chemically 'cook' the meat. This is ceviche, for example. 100% acid I would do for no more than an hour, but I don't have a hard and fast rule. A typical marinade with equal parts oil and lemon juice is fine overnight, but I might hesitate doing multiple days.
Thermometers are not 100% necessary, but I would recommend them for chicken leg quarters. I like them in general, so an instant-read is a good tool to have in your kitchen.
For evenly cut steaks, you can use the muscle of your thumb as a guide. Thumb touching pinky, and the thumb muscle feels like well done. Ring finger, medium; middle finger, medium-rare; index finger, rare. I use this for beef and lamb, I'm sure it works for pork, and I don't grill fish at all.
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