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20-25% of the population in most countries - which is not enough votes to include a supermajority of the proletariat for any standard meaning of the term "proletariat".
The right-populist parties that are doing significantly better than that - most obviously PiS in Poland and Fidesz in Hungary - aren't focussed on bringing back manufacturing jobs. PiS is talking about bringing back farm jobs in a country that was 20% agrarian within living memory. Fidesz is conventionally right-wing on economics (as is Reform in the UK and the AfD in Germany). And of course both parties, like other right-populist parties, focus on cultural issues over economic ones in their campaigning.
Because retired people voted 2:1 in favour of it. Age was a stronger predictor of how people voted in the referendum than social class. If we define "proletariat" in the orthodox Marxist sense of people who have to work for other people in order to eat, the proletariat voted 55-45 for remain.
Given your response to @sohois, we don't disagree that the culture war is primarily about culture, not economics. And we don't disagree that you can carve out a demographic that does show supermajority support for right-populist parties that is in some sense more "proletariat"-like than the demographic of Motteposters. But if you are using the word "proletariat" to exclude working-age women, which you need to do if you want to make "The proletariat supports right-populist parties" a useful generalisation, you are using the word in a non-standard way. But that is an argument about the meaning of words. Where we have a substantive disagreement is about the economic views of right-populist voters.
If you look at:
then the conclusion you come to is "bring back assembly line jobs" is only a major right-populist cause in the US, and probably only because Trump made it one. The best economic right-populist message in essentially every European country is "we will protect the welfare-state-for-the-old by cutting white-collar government employees and welfare for immigrants" - i.e. it isn't about jobs or the private sector economy at all. The second-best message is "enviro-loonies are destroying your lifestyle", which could be about manufacturing jobs, but in practice turns out to be about domestic energy consumption (including private car use). The main time "enviro-loonies are destroying jobs" was a winning election message was around the Dutch nitrogen crisis, and the jobs were farm jobs.
There are right-populists with libertarianish economic policies. There are right-populists with agrarian economic policies. There are right-populists with what used to be mainstream centre-left economic policies. The common thread is that they promise to preserve the welfare-state-for-the-old and that they blame immigration for the inability of the centre-right to do so - not that they want to bring back manufacturing jobs.
I have actually done the work of politics - if you are running for office, or doing field work for someone who is, you can't avoid speaking to the sort of older socially conservative voters who are the traditional core vote of right populist parties. (I am aware that some countries have an new right-populist constituency among male Zoomers, but the UK isn't one of them and I got out of active politics before the Zoomers were old enough to vote). These people also exist in my extended family. And guess what - if you let them talk about policy, they mostly talk about crime and immigration. And when you do hear something about economics, 2/3 of the time it is a variant of "how can we afford X when we can't afford Y" where X is something that is perceived as benefitting foreigners, and most of the other 1/3 is about how much more expensive things are than they used to be. You don't have to take my anecdotes on authority - the point I am making is that I have lived experience of doing politics, and it is consistent with the data.
"Friend" is what you call someone who is on your side based on shared values - i.e. it's about culture, not economics.
This has been a message in right-populism since Bush, at the very latest.
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Maybe I'm the one in a bubble, but my experience of talking to this sort of people involves quite a lot more specific complaints about outsourcing and the disintegration of the industrial base. Then again I am French and most of the paupers I know are as well, so that colors my view quite a bit. But I did connect with people from other countries in the West and insofar as they fit this sociological mold, they seemed to have similar complaints, if expressed in less Marxist terms than what you'd find in France.
In any case, I appreciate you jumping to the interesting question here which is indeed what economic policy right-wing populist people actually support, given that your description of their messaging is broadly accurate.
I think that unlike what you're saying "we will protect the welfare-state-for-the-old by cutting white-collar government employees and welfare for immigrants" and "enviro-loonies are destroying jobs" are absolutely something that can be reduced into a coherent ideological economic policy.
And that's pretty self evidently that of economic nationalism.
The general narrative goes like this: the globalist elites passed free trade agreements and setup international trade unions to allow themselves to profit from arbitrage between every country and get the cheapest ressource and cheapest labour for their enterprises, in doing so they detached themselves from the bonds of national loyalty that previously locked them to the lower class of a given country and instead started to rule together on the entire world. Nationalists obviously view this as a betrayal, and moreover the generalization of migration as another way to further globalist interests through arbitrage again, with the added benefit of dissolving any remaining bonds of loyalty among populations by creating a multicultural free for all where the institutions that held nations together (Family, Religion, etc) are systematically destroyed in favor of ever more atomized alienation. Even things like environmentalism fit into this narrative as yet another assertion of domination where the interests and moral fads of those global elites come at the expense of the local native.
Moreover, the divide also maps onto that general opposition between cities and the countryside, given that the global elites almost exclusively live in large international metropolises whilst the local natives are most concentrated in suburban and countryside areas.
I'm not sure whether you'd call this political ideology cultural or economic, but in some sense that doesn't really matter. That constituency is real, and it's growing.
And the somewhat diverse economic policies you list can all be explained within that context, as pragmatic adaptations to the needs of the local constituency colored by the local nationalist tradition.
No, it's what you call someone who is on your side.
I suspect this is very much a country-to-country issue. When you live in a small country with a high income that is basically forced to be dependent on trade (not having all that much in the way of natural resource apart from lots of timber and some minerals), anything but basic-level protectionism is a dead issue, perhaps unless it's the whole of EU doing it. France is bigger and has former colonies it can still tap into and a general do-it-yourself culture insofar as political economy goes, it can afford to be protectionist in a way that Finland can't.
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