If you're arguing that "contemporary" gender norms are far more open to the point that androgyny (or something approximating it) is the rule rather than the exception, then that's literally the exact point I was arguing in the article.
No, the evidence you cite is just as consistent with a change in gender norms. That doesn't mean that gender norms aren't still present and clear to people.
Huh? Surely you accept that, for most of human history, the overwhelming majority of men earned their income through physical labour (e.g. coal mining, carpentry, assorted agricultural activities, tree felling etc.).
Right, but was it a norm, let alone a gendered norm? If you look at great admired male figures in most of human history, like Achilles, Jesus, Odysseus, Gilgamesh, Heracles, Caesar, King Arthur, Alexander, Buddha, Confucius, Socrates... They are distinguished mainly by just about everything except earning an income through physical labour. Fighting? Yes. Doing something physical in an adventure? Yes. Working down a mine or fixing a wheel? Hardly something for great men to do.
Among intellectuals Aristotle thought that men doing physical labour belonged with women and children in the political hirearchy: not fit for citizenship. The normative life for Aristotle was that of a leisured aristocrat, not some proletarian or peasant. Physical labour could be used to keep oneself fit and virile, or monastic labour to get closer to God, or to get out of some sticky situation (see Heracles) but it wasn't something that you were supposed to do to earn a living of all things!
Among intellectuals Aristotle thought that men doing physical labour belonged with women and children in the political hirearchy: not fit for citizenship. The normative life for Aristotle was that of a leisured aristocrat, not some proletarian or peasant. Physical labour could be used to keep oneself fit and virile, or monastic labour to get closer to God, or to get out of some sticky situation (see Heracles) but it wasn't something that you were supposed to do to earn a living of all things!
This is misunderstanding of classical antiquity attitude. It was not about "labor".
In ancient mindset, only free man, man worthy of being a citizen, was an independent man.
Who was an independent man?
Slaves were obviously dependent, had to obey their masters or else.
Wage laborers were also considered slaves who had to sell themselves every day in order to survive.
City dwelling artisans were dependent on their customers - if no one wants to buy the shoes you make, you are hosed.
The same about merchants.
In ancient mind, the only independent people were farmers living on their land - both small farmers working their land themselves and large landowners sitting in atrium and watching the slaves.
large landowners sitting in atrium and watching the slaves.
is sufficient for my purpose: there was not a general norm that hard physical labour should be one's primary source of income, which was the original claim under contestation.
No, the evidence you cite is just as consistent with a change in gender norms. That doesn't mean that gender norms aren't still present and clear to people.
Gender norms can still exist and be present at clear, and yet vary in degree of strictness. I never claimed that gender norms no longer exist, but I believe that, in the West, they are far less restrictive than in other cultures or historically.
If you look at great admired male figures in most of human history
I wasn't talking about "great admired male figures". I was talking about the overwhelming majority of men in human history, most of whom were neither great nor admired.
Fighting? Yes. Doing something physical in an adventure? Yes.
I think both of these things fall under the definition of "physical labour".
Among intellectuals Aristotle thought that men doing physical labour belonged with women and children in the political hirearchy: not fit for citizenship. The normative life for Aristotle was that of a leisured aristocrat, not some proletarian or peasant.
I don't doubt that Aristotle thought this, but that doesn't imply that the belief was universal or even widespread for most of human history: this belief could well be a luxury belief held only by intellectuals.
So, we agree that, for most of human history, most men had to earn a living through physical labour (even if certain intellectuals thought such behaviour was unbecoming). We also agree that many historical male figures considered "great" or "admirable" (such as Odysseus, Alexander, Heracles, Caesar, King Arthur) also earned a living or became famous as a result of physical labour, albeit physical labour of a different type (namely fighting, conquest, exploration etc.). I still don't feel like you've really contradicted my argument.
Lumping together fighting with handling dung is a low-resolution picture that is inadequate for understanding past norms about masculinity.
The example of great admired men was just some of the evidence that earning a living from physical labour was not, historically, seen as a norm for men. Another would be that idle landowners and royalty didn't generally use their spare time to do physical labour, although some did.
Of course, there are exceptional individuals and periods. For example, the social status of male physical labour seems to have risen in the Victorian period. I recommend reading the works of Samuel Smiles, e.g. Self-Help and Life and Labour. Part of the novelty of his books was that he was esteeming proletarian labour - not just proletarian inventors and savants, but also men at all levels who worked hard and honestly. To this day, I think there's a degree of social esteem in men earning a living from physical labour, but it is important to note that this is a recent phenomenon.
I still don't know exactly what you're getting at when you say a "norm". I appreciate that physical labour was seen by the aristocracy as something undesirable and laborious that only plebs engage in. But that's just it - it was seen as such by the aristocracy, who almost by definition are small in number relative to the human population as a whole.
It can be true that the aristocrats believe that physical labour is ignoble drudgery, and also true that the commoners believe that toiling in the fields is "real work" that requires you to get your hands dirty, unlike "women's work" that involves sitting at a desk all day. Both of these things can be true simultaneously, but because commoners are far greater in number than the aristocracy, the latter belief will be held by a far greater share of the human populace than the former.
You seem to be saying "the elites don't believe in X, therefore X isn't part of human culture and never was". But a recurrent theme of discussions in this space is that what the elites believe (or profess to believe) is often radically skew of what ordinary people believe. Modern Western elites are disproportionately likely to believe that a) male and female brains are biologically indistinguishable and any observed differences between them are solely attributable to socialisation; b) the police are unnecessary or actively detrimental to society, and hence ought to be defunded or outright abolished; c) God doesn't exist; d) homosexuality is natural and harmless.
By using your logic, I could point out that elites currently believe these things and conclude that all of humanity believes that men and women are the same, police are unnecessary, God isn't real and homosexuality should be tolerated. But doing so would give me a very skewed impression of what beliefs or norms are held by the human race as a whole, currently or historically.
I didn't claim that the attitudes of elites (and scribes, poets etc.) proved that they thought that earning a living through physical labour was considered undesirable by everyone. It does provide some evidence.
Now, what's the evidence that earning a living through physical labour was seen as a general gender norm for men in the past?
Wikipedia has a brief article on sexual division of labour, to start with. In numerous ancient societies, it was expected that men hunted and women stayed at home preparing food and raising children.
To be precise, you're referring to hunter gatherer societies. In such societies, women also do physical labour (foraging) and what tends to be esteemed for men is a particular type of physical labour, hunting. However, that's not evidence that earning a living through physical labour was historically the norm for men. (Note: "norm" and "normal" are not the same. It's normal to have an appendix, but it's not a norm.)
Physical labour in such societies is not so much a norm as a necessity for almost everyone, with hunting mainly esteemed not because it's physical labour, but because it's a difficult task that produces something that men and women both enjoy: the meats of the hunted animals.
It's true that hunting for a living is not longer a general norm for men (you don't look down on a particular man or disparage yourself for not being a professional hunter) but that's also been true in most civilizations. I don't think that the Ancient Romans were confused about their masculinity because almost no men made their living as hunters. Hunting for leisure has often been an esteemed activity, but that's a different thing.
It can be true that the aristocrats believe that physical labour is ignoble drudgery, and also true that the commoners believe that toiling in the fields is "real work" that requires you to get your hands dirty, unlike "women's work" that involves sitting at a desk all day. Both of these things can be true simultaneously, but because commoners are far greater in number than the aristocracy, the latter belief will be held by a far greater share of the human populace than the former.
Where to start...
No, this has nothing in common with "traditional society". No, America seen in 1950's sitcoms was not "traditional society".
Toiling in the fields was, in traditional societies, fate of 90+% men and 90+% women (may differ due to urbanization rate). Labor of peasant woman was lighter than one of peasant men, but still hard enough it would crush any modern man, no matter how tough he imagines himself to be.
Sitting at a desk - work of scribe - was extremely prestigious and desirable work, and it was for (elite) men only.
I don't understand your comment. It sounds like we're in agreement on all the facts of the matter but you still act like you're disagreeing with me about something.
What we agree on:
For most of human history, most men earned a living through physical labour
Until very recently, the only men who did not have to earn a living through physical labour were the elites
Elite men have always thought that physical labour was beneath them.
The "great men" of history includes a mix of men who are noteworthy because of physical activities such as warfare, conquest and exploration, and also men who are noteworthy for other reasons
What, exactly, are you arguing with me about? I don't understand your bone of contention at all.
What, exactly, are you arguing with me about? I don't understand your bone of contention at all.
As you phrase it, by singling out men, it might look you imagine that women were not supposed to earn a living by hard labor, that ancient women were sitting on sofas and painting their nails while their husbands and sons toiled.
Let aside "earning a living", very modern term that implies wage labor, something not common to "most men" before modern time.
Okay. Perhaps I should have said something like "historically, most men in most cultures were expected to earn a living or otherwise ensure their own survival through physical labour, much of which was highly demanding and dangerous. By contrast, most women in most cultures were expected to carry out tasks which, while no less time-consuming or exhausting, were notably less physically demanding and dangerous than those which men were expected to carry out."
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Notes -
No, the evidence you cite is just as consistent with a change in gender norms. That doesn't mean that gender norms aren't still present and clear to people.
Right, but was it a norm, let alone a gendered norm? If you look at great admired male figures in most of human history, like Achilles, Jesus, Odysseus, Gilgamesh, Heracles, Caesar, King Arthur, Alexander, Buddha, Confucius, Socrates... They are distinguished mainly by just about everything except earning an income through physical labour. Fighting? Yes. Doing something physical in an adventure? Yes. Working down a mine or fixing a wheel? Hardly something for great men to do.
Among intellectuals Aristotle thought that men doing physical labour belonged with women and children in the political hirearchy: not fit for citizenship. The normative life for Aristotle was that of a leisured aristocrat, not some proletarian or peasant. Physical labour could be used to keep oneself fit and virile, or monastic labour to get closer to God, or to get out of some sticky situation (see Heracles) but it wasn't something that you were supposed to do to earn a living of all things!
This is misunderstanding of classical antiquity attitude. It was not about "labor".
In ancient mindset, only free man, man worthy of being a citizen, was an independent man.
Who was an independent man?
Slaves were obviously dependent, had to obey their masters or else.
Wage laborers were also considered slaves who had to sell themselves every day in order to survive.
City dwelling artisans were dependent on their customers - if no one wants to buy the shoes you make, you are hosed.
The same about merchants.
In ancient mind, the only independent people were farmers living on their land - both small farmers working their land themselves and large landowners sitting in atrium and watching the slaves.
Fair points, but:
is sufficient for my purpose: there was not a general norm that hard physical labour should be one's primary source of income, which was the original claim under contestation.
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Gender norms can still exist and be present at clear, and yet vary in degree of strictness. I never claimed that gender norms no longer exist, but I believe that, in the West, they are far less restrictive than in other cultures or historically.
I wasn't talking about "great admired male figures". I was talking about the overwhelming majority of men in human history, most of whom were neither great nor admired.
I think both of these things fall under the definition of "physical labour".
I don't doubt that Aristotle thought this, but that doesn't imply that the belief was universal or even widespread for most of human history: this belief could well be a luxury belief held only by intellectuals.
So, we agree that, for most of human history, most men had to earn a living through physical labour (even if certain intellectuals thought such behaviour was unbecoming). We also agree that many historical male figures considered "great" or "admirable" (such as Odysseus, Alexander, Heracles, Caesar, King Arthur) also earned a living or became famous as a result of physical labour, albeit physical labour of a different type (namely fighting, conquest, exploration etc.). I still don't feel like you've really contradicted my argument.
Lumping together fighting with handling dung is a low-resolution picture that is inadequate for understanding past norms about masculinity.
The example of great admired men was just some of the evidence that earning a living from physical labour was not, historically, seen as a norm for men. Another would be that idle landowners and royalty didn't generally use their spare time to do physical labour, although some did.
Of course, there are exceptional individuals and periods. For example, the social status of male physical labour seems to have risen in the Victorian period. I recommend reading the works of Samuel Smiles, e.g. Self-Help and Life and Labour. Part of the novelty of his books was that he was esteeming proletarian labour - not just proletarian inventors and savants, but also men at all levels who worked hard and honestly. To this day, I think there's a degree of social esteem in men earning a living from physical labour, but it is important to note that this is a recent phenomenon.
I still don't know exactly what you're getting at when you say a "norm". I appreciate that physical labour was seen by the aristocracy as something undesirable and laborious that only plebs engage in. But that's just it - it was seen as such by the aristocracy, who almost by definition are small in number relative to the human population as a whole.
It can be true that the aristocrats believe that physical labour is ignoble drudgery, and also true that the commoners believe that toiling in the fields is "real work" that requires you to get your hands dirty, unlike "women's work" that involves sitting at a desk all day. Both of these things can be true simultaneously, but because commoners are far greater in number than the aristocracy, the latter belief will be held by a far greater share of the human populace than the former.
You seem to be saying "the elites don't believe in X, therefore X isn't part of human culture and never was". But a recurrent theme of discussions in this space is that what the elites believe (or profess to believe) is often radically skew of what ordinary people believe. Modern Western elites are disproportionately likely to believe that a) male and female brains are biologically indistinguishable and any observed differences between them are solely attributable to socialisation; b) the police are unnecessary or actively detrimental to society, and hence ought to be defunded or outright abolished; c) God doesn't exist; d) homosexuality is natural and harmless.
By using your logic, I could point out that elites currently believe these things and conclude that all of humanity believes that men and women are the same, police are unnecessary, God isn't real and homosexuality should be tolerated. But doing so would give me a very skewed impression of what beliefs or norms are held by the human race as a whole, currently or historically.
I didn't claim that the attitudes of elites (and scribes, poets etc.) proved that they thought that earning a living through physical labour was considered undesirable by everyone. It does provide some evidence.
Now, what's the evidence that earning a living through physical labour was seen as a general gender norm for men in the past?
Wikipedia has a brief article on sexual division of labour, to start with. In numerous ancient societies, it was expected that men hunted and women stayed at home preparing food and raising children.
To be precise, you're referring to hunter gatherer societies. In such societies, women also do physical labour (foraging) and what tends to be esteemed for men is a particular type of physical labour, hunting. However, that's not evidence that earning a living through physical labour was historically the norm for men. (Note: "norm" and "normal" are not the same. It's normal to have an appendix, but it's not a norm.)
Physical labour in such societies is not so much a norm as a necessity for almost everyone, with hunting mainly esteemed not because it's physical labour, but because it's a difficult task that produces something that men and women both enjoy: the meats of the hunted animals.
It's true that hunting for a living is not longer a general norm for men (you don't look down on a particular man or disparage yourself for not being a professional hunter) but that's also been true in most civilizations. I don't think that the Ancient Romans were confused about their masculinity because almost no men made their living as hunters. Hunting for leisure has often been an esteemed activity, but that's a different thing.
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Where to start...
No, this has nothing in common with "traditional society". No, America seen in 1950's sitcoms was not "traditional society".
Toiling in the fields was, in traditional societies, fate of 90+% men and 90+% women (may differ due to urbanization rate). Labor of peasant woman was lighter than one of peasant men, but still hard enough it would crush any modern man, no matter how tough he imagines himself to be.
Sitting at a desk - work of scribe - was extremely prestigious and desirable work, and it was for (elite) men only.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satire_of_the_Trades
https://web.archive.org/web/20190308063715/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/instructions_of_kheti.htm
I don't understand your comment. It sounds like we're in agreement on all the facts of the matter but you still act like you're disagreeing with me about something.
What we agree on:
For most of human history, most men earned a living through physical labour
Until very recently, the only men who did not have to earn a living through physical labour were the elites
Elite men have always thought that physical labour was beneath them.
The "great men" of history includes a mix of men who are noteworthy because of physical activities such as warfare, conquest and exploration, and also men who are noteworthy for other reasons
What, exactly, are you arguing with me about? I don't understand your bone of contention at all.
As you phrase it, by singling out men, it might look you imagine that women were not supposed to earn a living by hard labor, that ancient women were sitting on sofas and painting their nails while their husbands and sons toiled.
Let aside "earning a living", very modern term that implies wage labor, something not common to "most men" before modern time.
Okay. Perhaps I should have said something like "historically, most men in most cultures were expected to earn a living or otherwise ensure their own survival through physical labour, much of which was highly demanding and dangerous. By contrast, most women in most cultures were expected to carry out tasks which, while no less time-consuming or exhausting, were notably less physically demanding and dangerous than those which men were expected to carry out."
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