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Small-Scale Question Sunday for December 1, 2024

Do you have a dumb question that you're kind of embarrassed to ask in the main thread? Is there something you're just not sure about?

This is your opportunity to ask questions. No question too simple or too silly.

Culture war topics are accepted, and proposals for a better intro post are appreciated.

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Tore through three of the Jutland chapters in Castles of Steel.

God damn. This book needs to be required reading for anyone smugposting about military strategy. Oh, why didn’t Russia do X? Surely the U.S. should have done Y! Forget military strategy—I want to suggest this to the sort of person who insists that a failure to adopt some specific tactic means their opponents are stupid, evil, and/or insincere.

Let me back up. For the unfamiliar: Jutland was the first and only major sea battle of WWI. The UK’s Royal Navy and the Imperial German Navy had been prodding at each other for nearly two years without decisive action. At the end of May 1916, the Germans set a trap, but the British preempted it with one of their own. As with many actions in WWI, the result was a horrendously bloody method of preserving the status quo. It was also a long chain of failures, some of which were unavoidable, and others of which were COMPLETE BLUNDERS.

The British

  • could read German radio traffic, but underutilized it due to officer dick-measuring infighting.
  • tried to bring an early aircraft carrier for scouting, but accidentally left it at home.
  • repeatedly failed at signaling in new and exciting ways. Flags, searchlights, radio, all botched at key points.
  • didn’t bother to signal at all before pulling stupid maneuvers.
  • kept screwing up their gunnery.
  • allocated their fastest and most modern battleships with the scout force, which left them both vulnerable and underutilized.
  • most famously, had more battlecruisers—until they didn’t, after two exploded from single hits.

Meanwhile, the Germans

  • sauntered into the trap anyway, because they also…
  • had no idea where the enemy was located.
  • brought outdated and slow ships because their commander asked nicely.
  • performed a secret and difficult maneuver with a long German name, turning the whole fleet 180 degrees…
  • performed that maneuver again. Immediately. Sailing right back into the British fleet. Their commander tried to justify this as a surprise attack, but admitted to his friends that “it just sort of happened.”
  • brought better-trained and more durable battle cruisers, but threw them at the enemy in a “death ride” to cover the main fleet’s escape.
  • ultimately snuck behind the British fleet under cover of night, but weren’t caught, making it home with fewer casualties in men and materiel.

In the end, several thousand men died. The German fleet was never allowed to plan something like this again, which suited the Royal Navy fine. Their newfound free time was devoted to infighting. Someone had to be blamed for at least a few of their unforced errors.

Which brings me back to the modern day. As always, it’s tempting to abuse the power of hindsight: ah, the British ought to have known their ships were death traps. The Germans never should have sailed without a fix on their enemies’ positions. So on, so forth, until we remember that it’s called “fog of war” for a reason and rein in our expectations.

More insidious, though, are the fallacies of planning. Even when we recognize that they simply couldn’t have known what we know—we fail to apply this to the present. We ask questions without knowing they’re the right ones, give orders without realizing they’re ambiguous. Plans disintegrate not on contact with the enemy, but on contact with the air, falling apart even as they first escape our minds.

If you find yourself making a plan that relies on rigorous communication, on individual initiative, on specific reactions from outsiders: your plan will not be implemented as you envisioned it. That’s alright; you can still get a desirable result! But if you think it has to happen your way, you will be disappointed.

This goes double when you’re planning for someone else. You have less skin in the game. You probably have less information, too. So if you consider all this, and you still want to insist that a rational person would already have enacted your plan…

Read this book. Or, for efficiency’s sake, read longtime SSC commenter bean’s blog version. You won’t be disappointed.