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Notes -
Three sets of fifteen minutes seems much more doable (although the original might not be out of the question), and it looks like they scaled it up over the six weeks as fitness improved. It would be interesting to see how much, but I didn't see that in a quick skim.
It doesn't seem that surprising to me generally: endurance exercise uses a lot of energy from blood sugar (and also from fat), and everything I've read suggests that the liver has a huge role in regulating that. I've also heard plenty of anecdotes about diabetes improving (or at least being easier to regulate) with exercise. The idea that reducing blood glucose without using insulin (exercise!) might improve insulin sensitivity sounds pretty reasonable: abstaining from caffeine for a while makes a cup of coffee hit harder when you do have one.
Exercise definitely does things to your insulin system. One of the interesting findings is that taking in sugar while exercising doesn't cause an insulin spike. Normally during exercise at that level you'd be using a combination of muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, and fat. Taking in sugar reduces liver glycogen use in favor of the newly introduced sugar. Then when you're done exercising, insulin sensitivity is increased, which helps replenish muscle glycogen.
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