nomagicpill
10d ago
Career prospects are better than you describe and the specialization actually helps. Most companies use the same baseline tools with exceptions existing for high-end tools (see EUV in my other reply) and what we call "legacy" tools, or extremely old tools that aren't sold anymore and OEM and second-hand support availability is minimal. For example, almost all companies own a fleet of AMAT Endura tools. So if I were to work at company A for 10 years specializing on Enduras I could easily transfer over to company B and work on theirs. Even if your exact toolset isn't there, the principles stay the same across the board, enough so that you can make up for lack of experience and knowledge quickly.
Experience is also a major consideration. Where I think intelligence reigns supreme in more "theoretical" roles (research scientist, low-level chip designer, etc), experience is king for equipment and process engineers. Intelligence helps and there's definitely a minimum requirement, but you don't have to be a genius to create extensive personal or company-wide documentation on how your tools work, understand major events that had a long troubleshooting process, come up with improvement projects, or run basic process experiments. By this, the longer I stay working on these tools the more I see, the more I learn, and the more pieces I can connect together to make improvements. I can then jump ship and immediately start contributing to another company, especially if I've uncovered or implemented things they haven't yet.
Regarding actual pay, one of my colleagues got a 40% raise by moving from company C to company D. COL was the same. He already had 20 years of experience at company C!
nomagicpill
11d ago
Daily work varies wildly. My title is equipment engineer, also known as tool owner (equipment is interchangeable with tools), so I'm responsible for making sure certain pieces of equipment (about 25 in total, which is a decent amount of anybody) in the fab are running properly. We also have 24/7 equipment technicians that will fix the tools. As my old boss described it, my job is to make sure the tools don't stop working, while the technicians want to get them working again if they're broken. When they're all working well or the techs are handling it themselves, I work on self-conceived projects to make them run better, faster, or longer. The manufacturing environment can be a bit brutal since I'm technically on call 24/7 for issues the technicians can't handle or aren't involved in, which requires the occasional weekend laptop log-in.
So what are some things I've done over the past few weeks? (Apologies for the vagueness)
- Troubleshot a gas leak on my equipment with technicians from my group and another
- Helped with a preventive maintenance procedure I had never seen + wrote documentation on it
- Sent a fuckton of emails
- Standardized settings across my fleet to ensure product is processing as similarly as possible between equipment
- Installed a monitoring system on vacuum pumps to detect abnormally high temperatures and currents
- Analyzed and summarized data to support making a change that will save costs
Cleanroom protocol is surprisingly lax compared to cutting-edge fabs. There's no air shower to remove particles from the bunny suit, nobody freaking out that your nose is out, and plenty of dirty-ish parts and hand tools lying around all over the place. This is allowed because a) wafers are almost always contained in their own mini environments, whether it's inside the tool or inside their carrier (called a FOUP and pronounced foo-p), and b) our technology node size is a bit larger and a few particles here and there isn't catastrophic.
You'd be surprised how old our equipment is. Semi equipment is notoriously expensive, so when you combine that with a company that is notoriously cheap and processes that don't require the best equipment on the market you get some old equipment that we're just forced to take care of. Plus if ain't broke, don't buy a new one. A few of my tools are almost 20 years old now, and Theseus doesn't own them—many still have original parts on them! Thankfully the OEM still does a decent job of a) offering spare parts to support part failures, and b) offers replacement parts for obsolete parts. My newest tool was manufactured in 2019. The fab regularly installs new tools as we remove old ones and ramp our production levels.
Preventive maintenance is critical to ensuring parts on the tool last a long time (like how your engine lasts as long as your oil) and preventing product from scrapping because the process' tolerances are all out of whack.
Different chips generally means smaller chips, which require more advanced tools, especially in the photolithography department (also called photo or litho for short). I think this video, this video, and this series offer an excellent overview of cutting edge litho methods that are required to manufacture low nm nodes you hear about coming from Intel, TSMC, Samsung, etc. It's important to note the insane capital required not to just invest in a fab itself, not just the tool that go inside, but the litho tools themselves. New SOTA EUV tools cost around $200MM, or over 1% of a (higher end) fab's cost, and that's just a single tool. Ouch!
nomagicpill
11d ago
Does anybody have any questions about working in a semiconductor fab is like? Is there a market for writing up an effortpost on how semiconductor manufacturing equipment works? I met a handful of techy people this weekend who were fascinated by it and asked non-stop questions, so I figured there may be some interest here.
nomagicpill
24d ago
Any suggestions for unique, interesting things to do in New York City over an extended April weekend? This will be my fourth time in the city, so no need for touristy things. I do not enjoy fancy restaurants, but love food and will eat pretty much anything.
I've already scoured both Atlas Obscura and Gastro Obscura for sights and eats, but wonder what didn't make the list that Mottizens know about.
nomagicpill
26d ago
I found this Reddit thread, including this second-to-top answer:
Historically because the English owned the waters, so you couldn’t legally fish as everything was exported.
There’s also the religious aspect where fish was seen as something just to be eaten on Fridays when red meat isn’t allowed.
And also we produce cheap and good quality meat.
nomagicpill
30d ago
I recently bought an indoor air quality monitor after seeing some posts on Twitter about drowsiness and such being caused by high CO2 levels in living spaces.
I've discovered a few things:
- My apartment's ventilation is atrocious, even if I have the air handler going. Root cause is still unknown.
- Opening up my balcony door will drop the CO2 ppm down by 100s. One day I woke up at about 1700 ppm CO2 and watched as it steadily dropped down to 600 ppm after opening up the door. I've been opening the door for a few minutes at a time and that's enough to flush the room.
- Opening the room up does make it feel less stuffy. Hard to tell if this is legit or a classic placebo or me convincing myself that this $200 purchase was well worth it.
I think one "fun" idea to check if CO2 levels actually harm me is taking random, blinded samples of my drowsiness/mood/etc levels and overlaying them on the CO2-time plot.
nomagicpill
30d ago
I don't think an exosuit counts: the baby must be fully detached from any sort of support, biological or artificial.
nomagicpill
30d ago
I intentionally omitted any link and references to it because a) I didn't want to come across as shilling it, and b) I too (strongly) prefer some amount of engagement besides just "hey read my post okay bye"; i's annoying and spammy when people link their blog and don't engage. I figured people would find this idea at least slightly interesting, regardless of where else it was posted, and I would be happy to interact if someone were to respond (see this very reply!).
The "extremely wide audience" part I disagree with. I think this is probably more closely related to SSC-esque people than others (hence the posting here) because of the analytical approach I suggest instead of just shotgunning any and all potential improvements. Decisions (in regards to the essay) can have major opportunity costs if they're pursued too hastily without proper checking. I'd say few people consider said opportunity costs unless the costs are very high.
Regarding the Uganda post on the last Friday Fun thread, I just didn't have anything to say back to the two people who responded directly to me.
nomagicpill
30d ago
Climbing the Hill of Experiments
A better anything can be achieved with simple tests at low costs.
Background
People often settle for "good enough" and "if it ain't broke don't fix it" in their personal lives, opting not to make any effort to improve said things because either:
- Time, money, and/or effort can be spent elsewhere for a higher expected value
- They think it can't be improved
But how is one to tell how much better something can get or if it's already optimal? The only answer is to experiment. Most people have significant room for pareto improvements in their lives. The impact and availability of said improvements varies from low to high depending on the cost one is willing to incur and how much has already been attempted or implemented.
Costs, or Lack Thereof
Experimentation is often associated with major costs. Setting up experiments and collecting and analyzing data takes a lot of time. Thinking of all the controls and confounders takes a mental toll. Purchasing supplements or technology costs money. These are all in addition to the corresponding opportunity costs. "If experiment X doesn't pan out, I could've been doing Y all along, which I know brings me value" is a fair, common criticism against potential tests.
But experiments do not need to be so costly. Erring on the side of lower cost is key to ensuring experiments keep running; too high of a cost in any area (time, effort, money) will make experiments less likely to happen in the future. Design of experiments (DOE) has its place for areas that have high potential returns, while a simple "do X for Y" (e.g., take magnesium before bed for 30 days) and see how you feel has its place for lower returns or lower interest. The latter type is where I think a majority of benefits lie because they are more likely to be performed, there is a greater number available to test, and they are straightforward to implement.
These simple experiments are akin to hill climbing, defined by Wikipedia as:
an iterative algorithm that starts with an arbitrary solution to a problem, then attempts to find a better solution by making an incremental change to the solution. If the change produces a better solution, another incremental change is made to the new solution, and so on until no further improvements can be found.
The beauty and strength lie in the fact that the solution doesn't have to be arbitrary—it can be reasonable and informed, expediting the search time for the best solution and increasing the rate of improvements across the board. Further, improvements to multiple problems can be pursued at any given time without major interference with one another. This is one reason advice, especially pieces of such that are reliably backed, is so valuable: it is easy to implement, easy to verify the effectiveness, and can be backed out of quickly. Quick feedback loops lead to quick improvements and quick improvements lead to more testing.
I suspect the cost type that is most important to someone is the one they have the least of (e.g., if someone has lots of money and energy, but little time, they're time poor). This should be recognized, accepted, and accounted for when planning experiments. In other words, figure out your type of poorness, accept it, then find ways to avoid said cost in experiments and leverage the rich types.
A few notes on individual cost types:
Time
Time can be saved by outsourcing both physical and mental labor. Trying to see the effect of a clean house on happiness? Pay someone to do it. Trying to analyze data? Get an LLM to help with it.
Experiments also don't need to take an hour of planning, an hour of executing, and another hour of analysis to see if it actually worked. (Sure, the scientist in you may be loudly protesting about placebos and the need for controls in certain experiments, but sometimes just feeling better or doing better is enough for it to be considered effective.)
Effort
Effort, while often intertwined with time, is still distinct: some tasks can be short and tedious, long and mundane, or somewhere between the two. Again, effort can be reduced or almost altogether eliminated by outsourcing labor with a focus on making tasks easy and simple.
Effort is often inversely related to enjoyment, so experiments that are more fun will feel less effortful than if they were soul-sucking.
Money
Running cost-benefit analyses is helpful to determine if the experiment is worth running. Items that didn't work out can be sold on public marketplaces to recoup some of the cost. Ask others if they're willing to subsidize the cost in exchange for well-organized and well-planned results.
Diminishing Returns
Diminishing returns exist across all cost types, whether it's putting in more time, more effort, or more money. Try to recognize when returns plateau and move to the next experiment when/if that happens.
Getting Started
Step 1: Brainstorming
First, a list of potential experiments should be made from the following methods:
- Think about personal problems, deficiencies, and inefficiencies. Is there something that's not going well? What steps can be taken to improve it? LLMs are quite useful here.
- Examples: Improving poor sleep through supplementation or sleep hygiene practices; not eating healthily because of a poor meal prep routine; not exercising because of inconveniences that act as barriers.
- Hearing or reading about others' experiments and general life improvements.
- Examples: niplav's self-blinded L-theanine RCT; Gwern's QS: Sleep and generic QS; SLIME MOLD TIME MOLD, including their list on other online scientists; Dynomight's Experiments on a $50 DIY air purifier you can make in 30s; the list goes on.
- Think about personal goals and things to get better at.
- Examples: Dream journaling, magnesium, and melatonin for lucid dreaming; styles, consistencies, and removing barrier to entry for exercise
Step 2: Prioritization
Second, prioritize experiments based on expected return over time, or area under the enjoyment-time curve. The formula I use to think about this is:
priority = success-probability × value-per-time ÷ how-long-it-takes-to-implement
where the scales are 0-1 for success-probability, 0-10 for value-per-time, and 0-10 for how-long-it-takes-to-implement.
For example, magnesium supplementation may be 0.8 × 5 × 1 = 4 and consistent bedtime is 0.9 × 10 × 1/5 = 1.8. In other words, don't delay the magnesium until after the consistent bedtimes, but rather take care of the magnesium now while still starting the bedtime.
Probabilities can be estimated from literature (preferable), other n=1 experimenters or trusted figures (a bit less preferable), or raw (least preferable). Value per time is entirely subjective, but should be easily approximated. Implementation time depends on the depth of DOE—something like controversial supplementation may take longer to prove its value while increasing lighting brightness inside the home may have an immediate, noticeable effect.
Step 3: Planning
Third, plan exactly how to implement the experiment. Like estimating probabilities, literature or articles/blogs/podcasts/word-of-mouth can be good starting points for both design and execution.
Planning should include the following:
- Which products, if any, you'll use. Search internet forums and parse reviews for the best while still taking into account personal type-poorness.
- How you'll track effectiveness. Vibes, metrics on pen-and-paper/phone/laptop/special software, other people's observations, raw output?
- A quantifiable quitting point if it doesn't seem to be working. No need to spin wheels when there are other opportunities.
- An actual procedure for how to administer the experiment, including mapping out all the options to test. This can be as simple as "take 200 mg magnesium before bed" to more complex structures that control for other variables.
Step 4: Performing
Fourth, do it. Purchase the products, set up the effectiveness tracker, define the quitting point, and follow the procedure.
Examples
Here's a non-exhaustive, vaguely-categorized list of as many experiments as I could think of in a few hours. Again, some of these are simple one-time behavior modifications that may reap surprising benefits, while others are long-term systems that must be maintained. (I reserve the right to not update regularly, but will try to as new ones come to light.)
- Health: magnesium; melatonin; creatine; l-theanine; discover and perfect fast, simple, healthy, delicious meals; sleep hygiene (red light before bed, no screens before bed, consistent bedtime, consistent wake-up time, dark room, cool room, no caffeine within six hours); discover and practice exercise that you enjoy doing; getting direct sunlight on a regular basis; monitor and improve CO2 levels in indoor living spaces; floss; meditation; standing desk; cold showers; hydrate regularly; intermittent fasting; blue-light blocking glasses; ergonomic adjustments (keyboard, mouse, desk, chair)
- Productivity: spaced repetition; learn how to install trigger-action plans; learn to estimate switching costs; batching tasks together; install and use a productivity app (Alfred for MacOS, etc); purchase multiple pairs of identical socks; hang all shirts and pants to avoid ironing; set up a nice workstation that makes plugging in easy; noise-cancelling headphones; take toll roads; screen time restrictions; app and website blockers; outsource labor; put electronic screens in black and white; dedicated chore day; Pomodoros; voice-to-text transcription; image-to-text transcription; music vs. no music; change notification settings on phone; change work times (morning to evening or vice versa)
- Social: call friends and family often; cold emails; regularly respond on forums, Reddit, Twitter, etc; talk to strangers; go to meetups; trying different conversation starters;
- Happiness: opt out of the culture war; seek out novel experiences, including traveling, food, activities, etc; choose to spend times with friends on a consistent basis; try different hobbies; journaling
- Miscellaneous: find cheap, comfortable clothes that fit well; drive-up orders for grocery or other shopping; hire personal assistant; hire body double
Takeaways
Doing something sub-optimal is often better than delaying or never doing the optimal.
There is almost always room to improve something at a low cost.
Speed matters. Get experiments done quickly so the "cost of doing something new will seem lower in your mind [and] you'll be inclined to do more".
See Also
nomagicpill
1mo ago
While not necessarily a cause of the haywiredness, I wonder how much of this behavior goes unchecked because Elon's lack of a mentor who he both trusts and respects. Sure, Thiel and Page and a handful of others played a part in shaping his (apparently now previous) worldview, but once you become arguably the most powerful person in the world, I can imagine other people's advice stops being helpful and becomes more of a hindrance. Why would I listen to someone who is less powerful than me telling me to cool it when everything I've done up to this point (SpaceX, Tesla, Starlink) has been—as most people have put it—net positive for the world, especially when I was told I would fail but ended up fine and thriving?
Having a trusted and respected mentor who can help pull your reigns in when needed is a nice thing that Elon doesn't seem to have at the expense of his sanity.
nomagicpill
1mo ago
Let's say I'm put in charge of a government-sponsored group tasked with ensuring newborn babies come out of the womb as close as possible to a fully functioning member of society. Ideally this means they can walk, talk, feed themselves, etc. I have unlimited resources and there are no IRBs to stop experimentation. I have also gained immortality so I can see this project through to its completion.
What is the general procedure to get babies closer to self-reliance and how close do you think they could get?
(I've always wondered why we seem to be some of the only animals in the kingdom to not be self-sufficient immediately upon birth and what we can do about it.)
nomagicpill
1mo ago
Uganda Trip Report
I spent 12 days in Uganda visiting mostly wildlife-related places, including Murchison Falls, Kibale National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, Bwindi Impeneterable Forest, and Kampala. I went with one other person and had an experienced guide the entire time.
Any cultural info that doesn't have a link is based on talking to my guides (guide 1 is G1, guide 2 G2, etc).
Lions, Crocodiles, and Gorillas, Oh My!
We saw a bunch of animals, including (ordered from most common to least, with a coolest encounter or note about some):
- Antelope: There are a gazillion of these roaming around. This is the only animal my guide has accidentally (!) hit and killed, which isn't surprising.
- Buffalo: Terrible eyesight, but excellent smell and hearing.
- Hippo: Hippos really like being in the water. We saw approximately 200+ hippos with only three being completely out of the water (granted they generally come out at night). If you told me that I would've expected them to look like raisins, but nope, visibly smooth skin all around!
- Warthog (also called pumba): "The stupidest animal of all" according to G2. Apparently warthogs will be running away from predators and in the midst of their escape, forget why they are running and stop because "hey, why am I running when I could be conserving energy?" *cut to lion licking their lips with a nice warthog meal in front of them*
- Elephant: A ~15-member family came out to the Nile to drink while we were in a boat 10 meters away.
- Giraffe: These guys can run (gallop) crazy fast. There has to be a market for giraffe racing and betting.
- Baboon: Their asses are even pinker and more prominent in person.
- Gorilla: We were close (ranging from 2 to 10 meters) to them for an hour and got to see them traverse the forest while eating greens (leaves), grains (literal sticks), and proteins (ants). The silverback is an absolute unit. Contrary to popular belief, you can look them in the eyes, just not when they're being aggressive.
- Crocodile: Nothing crazy here. I was half-hoping for something like this.
- Lion: We witnessed a mother lion chase down and maim a young antelope to teach her cubs how to kill. However, they weren't that well-practiced because the antelope was alive and screaming for the 10 minutes we were watching them attempt to tear into its flesh. #natureismetal
- Rhino: What I originally thought was rhino fellatio happening before my very eyes turned out to be a rather large baby rhino milking from its mother.
- Chimpanzee: I was reading about the Gombe Chimpanzee War before going chimp trekking, because what else would I do other than inform myself of a chimp war before seeing animals that could easily rip my face off? So when they started screaming for reasons I could not understand nor see through the thick jungle, I knew it was time: I had to pick a side, to choose what family I would support in the 2025 Kibale Chimp War. Fortunately, a war did not start and we made it out.
- Leopard: Uneventful. We saw a single one on our way out of Queen Elizabeth NP sunbathing and doing nothing.
Conserving energy is the key to survival and it shows in behavior. The sun is so hot in the middle of the day that animals are forced to take cover in the shade of trees and bushes and do nothing else they risk overheating. Simple grazing is feasible, but running and jumping are effectively prohibited.
Whole Lotta Nothin' Happening in Villages
I was shocked at the idleness of most villages and towns. So many working-age people just sitting around doing nothing. Hordes of boda boda drivers would sit with each other gossiping about who-knows-what waiting for riders to come up to them; I did not witness them all clamoring to be the chosen driver. People would sit on front porches looking aimlessly. Children would play with each other. Business owners would sit at their storefront waiting patiently for customers. People would just be walking with nothing on their person, so aimlessly by all appearances.
It all just felt so... dead. Except the markets. The only market we went into was in Kampala, but all the others we drove by were pretty much the only thing close to "hustle and bustle" in the villages. This makes sense given how dependent Uganda's economy is on agriculture, but still prompts the question: how do economics work in these villages? D'Exelle & Verschoor's Village networks and entrepreneurial farming in Uganda talks a bit about the farming aspect, but not about anything else. In the States, people who don't do anything are either retired (very unlikely for these people), supported by the government (very unlikely for these people), supported by their family (very unlikely for these people), or just plain poor and get their money doing odd jobs (likely the case here?).
My guess is a) I'm underestimating how poor these people really are, b) my lack of economics knowledge is showing, and c) there's some information I'm missing. Or maybe this is just life: do a little bit of work to make a little bit of money and do nothing outside of that.
The Organized Chaos of Ugandan Roads
The roads here are wild. Maybe not as wild as some places (as my travel partner had recently experienced in the traffic nightmare that is India), but it's still not based on rules: size and convenience win out here, with things like solid yellow lines and traffie signs being mere suggestions. We passed slower traffic wherever and whenever we could so long as the opposite lane was either clear or had a smaller vehicle. These smaller guys, which included us at times, understood the rules and moves over accordingly.
Motorcycles mostly pass on the left, but will still weave in and out of traffic at will if it's the best option for them. We once witnessed about 20 of them hopping up onto the pedestrian walkways to avoid the nightmare that is Kampala rush hour. Anticipation by both parties is key here: the car driver must maintain their line and let the motorcyclist adjust their course accordingly. Unsurprisingly, Uganda has some pretty bad accident statistics as of 2024 and very few wear helmets:
UPF annual crime reports reveal that in the past five (5) years alone [2019-2024], the total number of road traffic crashes increased by 60 percent from 12,805 crashes in 2018 to 20,394 crashes in 2022. Fatal crashes increased by 22.1 percent in the same period. The country also experienced a 77 percent increase in serious cases and a 62.1 percent surge in minor crashes during the same period.
The World Health Organization estimates that road traffic accidents in Uganda cost the country 5 percent of its gross domestic product annually. ... government spends approximately UGX 315.72 billion annually on provision of health care services to road traffic victims across all the regional referral hospitals in the country.
That'd be like the U.S. spending $1.4T on accident-related healthcare alone! Oh wait, we already spend " a total of $1.85 trillion in the value of societal harm, which includes $460 billion in economic costs and $1.4 trillion in quality-of-life costs". Still, I didn't actually see any accidents happen; no T-bones (which is probably impossible due to how slow everything is), no fender benders, no motorcycles scraping the side of cars despite their mirrors being a few inches away.
And just to get a slightly-exaggerated idea of how bad the traffic is, just take a look at Kampala's taxi park. The gross number of taxis is necessary due to the sheer number of destinations offered, but it's still a clusterfuck of exhaust fumes, dust, and gridlock.
Roads between cities are fairly well-paved and well-marked. Roads that lead to villages are rarely paved and give what locals call the "African massage" thanks to their extreme bumpiness. If you're in mountainous areas, there is extremely high exposure to the side. I felt extremely uncomfortable a few times when our jeep was leaning heavily to the right with about 3 ft of road to spare between us and certain death.
You'll also see some interesting things while on the road. A few of my highlights included:
- A man carrying a coffin (sideways) on the back of his motorcycle
- A flipped-over, beer-carrying semi truck getting raided by the local populace (G1 implied raids like this—beer or otherwise—aren't uncommon)
- A group of farmers trying to figure out the best way to load a full cow and four goats into the back of their old Toyota Hilux
- Two cows with their heads locked together trying to win a fight
"Appreciate Me!"
Ugandans know how to take advantage of their rich Western tourists by putting them into awkward situations where they feel obligated to buy something to "appreciate" the people. Apparently it's not just Uganda that does this, but Nigeria too, at least related to bribes (and I'm guessing other African countries). See cumulo nimbus's comment from Matt Lakeman's Nigeria report:
Instead of ‘give me money’ Nigerians tend to say ‘appreciate me.’ ... ‘APPRECIATE ME THREE THOUSAND OR WE ARREST YOU! APPRECIATE ME THREE THOUSAND!'
Various guides around the villages we visited planned the donation part well by:
- Placing the pitch in the middle of the tour, so we'd have to keep walking with them afterwards and risk awkwardness if we didn't buy something
- Putting lots of eyes on us when we were being pressured to buy things
- Explaining how poor they were either before or during the sales pitch
Here I am, dripped out in Salomon boots, a PFG shirt, and North Face fanny pack... how can I say no? And for stuff you buy, you get the muzungu price, so prepare to spend a bit more than you'd expect. Occasionally they'll say something like "I normally sell it for X, but I'll give it to you for Y" to lessen the already-small, forced blow to the wallet and feelings.
Supplementary Income for Uganda's Hard-Working Policemen and Politicians
I was expecting to get extorted a bit more than we did, which only happened once. We were stopped at a police checkpoint, they asked my guide for a document that he wasn't required to carry, he offered to show them a picture of it, they said no and that they'll have to hold us unless he buys them both a soda. This happened outside the car away from us. The guard proceeded to come back with a smile on his face and cold soda on his breath to tell us everything is fine and there was just a small misunderstanding. We did see a checkpoint later that had a line of seven or so Ugandas pulled over, all of which were waiting to pay a nice little bribe to their oppressors according to G2.
G1 admitted to minor corruption across Uganda, while G2 said police were quite corrupt and it was a well-paying job to have. While corruption against the locals doesn't surprise me, against tourists does surprise me. I'd expect the government to make it clear that tourists were completely off-limits because of how much they contribute to the economy. Maybe the cops we met didn't care or didn't think they'd get caught.
Uganda's Corruption Perceptions Index score ranks it at 140 out of 180 countries.
The Male-Dominated Area of Relationships
Relationships, be it marriage, girlfriend/boyfriend, or just casual dating, is not like the West.
G2 and G3 are adamant that online dating is not used and a bit weird. "Just go meet them out and about [like a normal person]". G2 told me one of his clients paid him to drive two hours (one way) from a national park to a nearby city to meet up with a girl he had matched with while swiping on Tinder. Who knew Uganda could also serve as a sex tourism destination!
A man's wealth plays an especially important role in his attractiveness to common villagers. G2 said that if he were rich (owned his own guiding company, for example), he could stop at any village, point to any woman he wanted that wasn't married, and she'd come with him back to the city to live a life of luxury, including weaves and smartphones, the first two things you buy your girl to show her you truly care about her. The main physical proxy for a man's wealth is the size of his stomach, or his DBF (dad bod factor): high DBF = big stomach = lots of food = able to afford lots of food = rich = attractive = hubby material. It's that simple. I can only imagine the different fatmaxxing methods villagers use to get women to sleep with them.
Dowries (or bride prices, because it goes to the bride's family) still exist in the form of livestock or straight cash. It serves the groom's family well to hide their exact livestock numbers because you bet the bride's family is gonna give them the rich man's price for their priceless-but-not-really daughter. However, the dowry will not be returned to the husband if a divorce happens. This somewhat seems like the Ugandan version of a woman convincing a Western man to not get a prenup.
Domestic violence against women is prevalent according to the National Survey on Violence in Uganda:
almost all Ugandan women and girls (95%) had experienced physical or sexual violence, or both, by partners or non-partners since the age of 15
and based on G2 casually talking about beating women if they step out of line or doing something he's unhappy with.
Infidelity is also widely accepted for men, but not women, based on my discussions and statistics:
24% of women in 2022 reported that their husband or partner had multiple sexual partners while in 2023 ... 34% of men reported having sex with a person who was neither their wife or lived with them.
Men can and often do have girlfriends (they actually also use the term "side chick"!) in addition to their wife, sometimes even outright having multiple wives since polygamy is both legal and part of the culture. The wealthier you are, the more acceptable infidelity and polygamy is to both society and women.
Uganda's STI rate is fairly high at 25,000 per 100k (the U.S. isn't actually too behind at 20,000 per 100k, or 20% less).
Tattoos, or Why You're Not Married Yet
G1 and lodge staff claimed that tattoos are completely acceptable and not at all frowned upon. G2 contradicted this, saying that women are considered tainted (my interpretation, not his words) and would never find a husband if they had tattoos and men are viewed as criminals or bayaye, Ugandan street thugs who loiter around doing and contributing nothing. I'm more inclined to believe G2 since I never saw a Ugandan with overt tattoos.
See also A Cultural-Pragmatic Investigation of Tattoos among the Youth in Kampala-Uganda.
Dreadlocks are equally frowned upon and have an extremely negative connotation. If you're a good Ugandan who doesn't like torturing puppies or doing drugs, you keep your hair short or shaved.
The Friendliest People in Uganda
Ugandan children are incredibly friendly and autonomous. As our jeep traversed the mountain roadways kids would come running out of the woodworks yelling and waving and jumping to try to get our attention in hopes of getting some candy, or "sweeties" as they call it. I once rolled down my window to say what's up and had an 8-year-old firmly say "give me sweeties" with an unspoken, but heavily implied, "or I'll kick your ass". I did not give him sweeties nor did I get my ass kicked. We high-fived kids out of our jeep window, which G2 said made their day and is something they'd brag about to their parents; we played and danced with them in the villages; we made funny faces from inside the car; we (read: G2) told some kids intentionally blocking the road for a classic sweetie extortion routine that he would beat them if they didn't move... they quickly moved with looks of terror on their face. G2 laughed maniacally as he said "I told them in the local language so they will now fear me for long time".
Their autonomy and independence is nothing like the U.S. Every morning we saw throngs of village children walking to town to go to school by themselves. No parents, no school bus, no bored mom calling the cops complaining about how cruel and heartless and neglectful another parent was being by letting their child walk to school by themselves early in the morning. And they apparently did this every. single. (week)day. School wasn't a short jaunt away. Some kids walked 5 miles (one way, mind you) on uneven, hilly dirt roads to get to school, waking up around 5:00am to make it to school by 7:00am. A single branch of sugar cane was a common lunch. A brutal lifestyle when compared to the lavish ones some kids live; in a vacuum, still pretty damn difficult.
Some parents opt not to send their kids to school in order to get more help on the farm, in the garden, and or around the house. G2 explained that sometimes this is better for the kids—the Ugandan version of the high-school dropout who proceeded to start his own business and get filthy rich while others went to college and made the average American salary—because they can get practical experience early and have a nice headstart compared to their peers.
Most people stay in the same village their entire lives, with education being the primary reason they leave.
They also make a nice triangular population pyramid, which was consistently reflected in every town and village we drove through. Throngs of children walked and played around, easily outnumbering adults by what seemed like three times or more. The obvious reasons that are consistent across Africa are help with labor, poor family planning practices, and high mortality rates.
Pygmies: The Forest People
We met Pygmies—more specifically, the Batwa people—near Bwindi while on a village culture walk. They grew up in the forest among the wildlife and were forced out in 1991 when the Ugandan government declared Bwindi a national park in order to help preserve the wildlife inside, especially the gorillas. Some interesting notes on them:
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The older ones had no concept of how old they are. (Well, one claimed to be 140 years old, so no accurate concept.) Time just wasn't a thing for them. They didn't (don't?) care about whether it was Monday or October or 1930. They do care about the seasons and weather because they are critical for survival. This reminds me of the Lykov family.
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They're short. Like, really short. Like 1.55-1.60 m according to some studies short, but even smaller in my experience. Why? Some suggestions from Wikipedia:
adaptation to the significantly lower average levels of ultraviolet light available beneath the canopy of rainforest environments. ... because of reduced access to sunlight, a comparatively smaller amount of anatomically formulated vitamin D is produced, resulting in restricted dietary calcium uptake, and subsequently restricted bone growth and maintenance, resulting in an overall population average skeletal mass near the lowest periphery of the spectrum among anatomically modern humans.
lesser availability of protein-rich food sources in rainforest environments
the often reduced soil-calcium levels in rainforest environments
the caloric expenditure required to traverse rainforest terrain
adaptation associated with rapid reproductive maturation under conditions of early mortality
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Entertainment is mostly centered around singing and dancing. See this video.
Chinese Influence
There is a large Chinese influence in Uganda, namely in the form of technology and infrastructure. Hsiao & Faria's The Intimate China-Africa in Kampala, Uganda gives a wonderful overview of what the relationship was (and probably still is) like in 2018-2020.
Nasser Road, Forgery Capital of Uganda
Located in downtown Kampala, Nasser Road is known as the forgery capital of Uganda, offering passports, university degrees, permits, you name it. On the outside it's just a bunch of print shops for clothes and paper. On the inside... it's pretty much the same. You gotta know a guy that knows a guy to get the in on the forged stuff, which is actually pretty disappointing because I wanted to get my honorary PhD in Gorilla Studies from the University of Kampala. The way it was talked about made it sound like it was done pretty openly with police just looking the other way. Second on my list was a sick political poster (see link below), but alas, I couldn't find any of those either. I ended up settling for a custom T-shirt.
And it's not just documents that are illegal: the place I bought a custom shirt from had bootleg copies of Windows, Adobe Illustrator, and a few other programs.
Much to my guides' surprise and delight, I was the first non-Ugandan to ever mention Nasser Road to them. (To be fair and honest, I heard it from a friend when I told him I was going to Uganda, so I hereby pass this coveted award to him. You know who you are if you're reading this.)
See also Robocop and Bin Laden in Uganda.
The Amazing Race - Uganda Edition
I think a fun vacation idea would be an Amazing Race-style competition with friends, so here's one for Uganda. Illegality and health risks can be mitigated for the more risk-averse.
- Starting in Kampala, teams have to drive from point A to B in the fastest time possible. Time penalties include getting honked at, causing an accident, or crying because of how stressful driving can be.
- From point B, teams have to find their way to Nasser Road. Along the way, they must sample 40%+-ABV waragi with extra points being given for higher ABV. And none of that mass-manufactured crap—it has to be homebrewed, smell suspiciously of methanol, and be served in a dirty cup.
- Once at Nasser Road, teams must obtain a forged document. It can be a university degree, passport, permit, etc.
- Finally, a devious surprise: police are called on a suspicious foreign couple who just bought a forgery on Nasser Road. The objective now becomes escaping Uganda at all costs to avoid hard prison time. Teams are encouraged to use whatever means possible to do so. (/s for this part in case someone thinks I'm being serious.)
Happy to answer any other questions. I really enjoy talking about this and find it equally as cool.
Fabs use a combination of bulk gases (N2, H2, O2, Ar, etc) and speciality gases (AsH3, PH3, SiH4, SiH2Cl2, etc) depending on the process. Bulk gases are fed from massive canisters and get distributed throughout the fab to points of use. The piping is normally located directly underneath the main fab floor in an area called the subfab to save space, increase convenience of maintenance, and prevent particles from contaminating tools. Speciality gases follow the same path from their source canister, but instead there are valve manifold boxes (VMBs) between the point of use and source to allow for safer operation and improved monitoring capabilities. MKS has a decent fab facilities overview here. (As a side note, welding gas lines is preferable to minimize the chance of leaks or contamination. This comes at the risk of the line being completely custom and having long leadtimes in case it needs to be replaced. I prefer parts to be as modular as possible so we can replace the part itself and not the entire subsystem with it.)
The process is controlled by the brains of the fab, the manufacturing execution system (MES). Some fabs build their own custom MESs to match their needs and others go with out-of-the-box solutions that have dedicated company support. Full-stack MESs generally handle most of the calculations when decided what to do, whereas not-full-stack MESs require other programs to assist.
Redundancy is crucial to a fab's success. We try to minimize OAK (one-of-a-kind) paths else everything grinds to a halt directly in front of that tool and I get yelled at for why my tool isn't up. Industrial engineers are able to model a fab's capacity abilities and determine how much of what technology is able to run given the number of available tools and their qualification status. For example, I have four tools (E1-4) and four technologies (T1-4). E1 can run T1-4, E2 can run T2 and T4, E3 can run T3, and E4 can run T1 and T4. Thus, T1 has two paths, T2 has two paths, T3 has one path (OAK alert!), and T4 has three paths. T4 material would likely be fine since it has three different options to run through. T3's OAK is a bit dangerous and unOAKing it should be a priority if its loadings (how much T3 we run) is high enough. To put it more simply, think of it as tolls: if there are 10 lanes and 10 consecutive tolls (so 100 stations total) and all of set1's tolls can handle Toyotas, but only one of set2's tolls can handle Toyotas, then Toyotas will get through set1 quickly but get really backed up at set2 because they're all forced to the same path that has a fixed throughput and may be dealing with other car brands! Some wafers require processing within a certain amount of time after finishing their previous process for various reasons (e.g., native oxides).
I will kindly abstain from answering this for opsec reasons :)
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