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How do any of those establish citizenship? Lots of non-citizens have US bank accounts - I had one when I was working dubiously legally in the US (technically I was an academic visitor being paid a per diem rather than salary) with no SSN. Driver's licenses explicitly don't require proof of legal immigration status in most blue states (and no state actually checked immigration status for new license applicants when Winston Smith first got his). An on-the-record job requires an SSN, but even if we ignore the possibility of a fraudulent SSN application made back in the days when the checks were less stringent (as I am positing Yossarian did), having an SSN just proves that you were in a legal status that allowed working at the time you got it (and lots of illegal immigrants are doing on-the-record jobs using SSNs that don't belong to them). The only thing on the list which would be evidence of citizenship is voting, and the same people who want to get tough on illegal immigration tend to believe that large numbers of non-citizen immigrants are voting illegally given how lax the checks are.
If you are a natural born US citizen who has never had a passport, the only original document that proves your citizenship is your birth certificate. (The situation is even worse in the UK, because we don't have birthright citizenship, so to prove citizenship you need not only your birth certificate but information about your parents' immigration status at the time you were born. The flip side is that a much higher percentage of British citizens have had passports at some point in their lives, giving them simple biometric-enhanced proof of citizenship, because we are a smaller country.)
The panopticon didn't exist when the events that distinguished Winston Smith from Yossarian happened. I agree with you that the NSA is probably able to verify the citizenship and/or immigration status of anyone who most recently entered the US after the panopticon was put in place post-911. But as most illegal immigrants stay in the US (they can't get back in if they leave), that leaves out a lot of people. The reason why the debate around the Dreamers exists is because the anti-illegal-immigration right is explicitly not willing to do another general amnesty for illegal immigrants who have been in the US for decades without getting caught.
What matters is that these events establish a record of that person existing which can then be tied in with other sources of information (remember that the panopticon had {and most likely has} direct access to the marketing and advertising databases maintained by big tech). When you combine all that information with the metadata that the system will also be scooping up, you can very easily correlate all of these events to a single person - and then that can be tied in with the government information that does exist. The sheer scale and scope of the panopticon is such that in order for someone to escape it, they have to live a life with so little interaction with society that the number of people who can fall into edge-cases like this is going to be so small as to be a rounding error. I'm not going to deny that someone could fall through the cracks of the panopticon (if you're a hobo who has never known any life other than hitching rides on trains then you might slip on by), but the number of people who do is just not big enough for this to be a serious objection.
The panopticon has reached back in time and includes all older records and data that have been digitised. They may not be able to tell you exactly where either of those two went and had lunch in 1975, but any significant, documentation-generating events will be recorded and on file at this point.
Yes, IIRC the main reason why was that this already happened - the anti-illegal-immigration right was told that they'd get enforcement in exchange for amnesty, gave the amnesty and then didn't get enforcement. I find it hard to blame them here - if we were playing an iterated prisoner's dilemma, and you just hit "defect" I'm not going to believe you when you say "Ok I pressed defect last time but I won't do that again, come on just trust me bro".
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