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Notes -
A minor quibble, the study you reference doesn't mean that only one in 17 men reproduced, as if there were a handful of men with giant harems.
Imagine that you have small groups of related men descended from a single patriarch, plus their wives and children. These clans would go to war with other clans.
If clan A defeats clan B, then all the men in clan B are killed and the women taken as war brides.
When clan A starts running out of farmland due to population growth, it splits and the splinter group goes looking for territory elsewhere.
Rinse and repeat these two processes, and you end up with a situation where someone alive today has far fewer male ancestors than female ancestors, because neolithic women did not face the same selection pressures as neolithic men.
It's also worth noting that weird, painful initiation rituals don't just exist for young men (although they are mostly for young men).
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