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Notes -
Take 'theoretical mathematics' as an example. Progress there is, to some extent, made by 'smart people thinking, scribbling, and talking'. An AI that was just 'JvN and colleagues but 1000x faster' could ... do that 1000x faster. Something similar applies to technology, economics, and war - the relation to the physical world means there's less of a speedup, but there's still some. An AI doesn't have to do anything that different from humans to get to in 50 years what humans would in 500.
A lot rides on "to what extent?" It's not clear to me that if you just 'sped up' the brains of top mathematicians or physicists by 10x or 50x or whatever it would actually cause a commensurate explosion in scientific breakthroughs.
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