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Culture War Roundup for the week of March 3, 2025

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The primary question was whether conflicts in Japan can be classified as ethnic. If you want a definition, here you are: coethnics recognize themselves as the same "kind" of people. An ethnic conflict is a struggle between mutually recognized "kinds," where the direct competition between the "kinds" is driving everything involved. The groups in conflict will directly reference the underlying cultural or genetic differences (especially material) in identifying the group they oppose. Think slurs here.

The modal ethnic conflict is Israel/Palestine: two self-identified groups competing over specific territory and resources. When one wins, they move the other off the territory entirely. When they win they enforce their cultural habits and obliterate the practices of the losers in any ways they care about.

I'd go so far as to say that NO internal Japanese conflict maps to that, except the conflicts with the barbarians, which the Japanese very explicitly labeled as a conflict between their "kind" and the barbarian "kinds." (Maybe the stuff with the Christians could be labeled as an abortive ethnogenesis.) Japanese conflicts are typically one of the following: jockeying for position under an accepted sovereign power; attempting to overthrow the sovereign power; attempting to create an independent hierarchy parallel to the sovereign power (this never worked outside of the Sengoku period; they all got cleaned up and subdued by the start of the Edo period). One group of elite warriors fights another, vassalage agreements are reordered, anyone who doesn't fit in gets killed, and the village headman starts paying taxes to someone new.

You know what doesn't happen? The people of Satsuma expelling farmers from the outskirts of Kumamoto and settling the territory, destroying the local art and buildings and replacing it with their own. The Japanese do that to the barbarians, sure, but not to each other. Therefore, not an ethnic conflict.

What I would argue, though, is that regardless of whether we think the word 'ethnicity' is appropriate or not, historically Japan has been often divided, and people from different parts of Japan understood themselves to be meaningfully different to one another - certainly to the point of fiercely conflicting with one another.

Only somewhat true. Let's start from prehistory and round dates aggressively:

  • 300 AD - 500 AD: probably interfamilial conflicts; largest one is plausibly between followers of Amaterasu and Susanoo (roughly corresponding to the people who followed the coast of Honshu to the south and north respectively out of Kyuushuu). Result of that conflict was that both sides apparently agreed to live with one another, and the winners badmouthed Susanoo in their myths.
  • 500 - 650: no notable internal wars.
  • 650 - 675: coups, major government reform.
  • 700 - 1150: no notable internal wars. Samurai emerge in this period; alternately fight barbarians and one another (for stewardship of outlying farmland, e.g. Tokyo area, in the name of Kyoto nobles). You may not believe it, but Japan is not especially martial up to this point. Their manpower generation is feeble; their political elite doesn't know how to fight; they have a huge problem with half-trained thugs working for Buddhist monasteries extorting the capital (until someone figures out that samurai have been invented and bring a couple dozen home to clean house).
  • 1150 - 1200: major civil war between samurai over who gets to take the government from the nobles.
  • 1200 - 1300: no notable internal wars. Government gets its legitimacy from fairly judging disagreements between samurai and precluding violence.
  • 1300 - 1400: comedy of errors. Starts with an imperial succession crisis; in the middle of that, a notable general decides he wants to become shogun. He succeeds, but totally loses control of the country. Succession crisis continues for some fifty years in the meantime. Finally the grandson of the shogun gets the country mostly together, but now Japan is more like the Holy Roman Empire than it was before: lots of petty princes.
  • 1400 - 1450: intermission.
  • 1450 - 1600: the show continues. Warlords get mad at one another and decide to cage match in Kyoto, burning it down in the process. (Shogun lives there.) Rest of the country falls to pieces. 21st-century crews descend to film the bulk of the country's historical dramas. Finally a warlord manages to reunite Japan, then gets assassinated when he really would rather not have. His lieutenants have a cold war, one of them dies of natural causes first, the other wins the following hot war, and installs himself as shogun. Most lords are his direct vassals, and get reorganized into being more like corporate salarymen (with mandatory relocations!), and the rest are kept on a tight leash. Christians are exterminated.
  • 1600 - 1850: no notable internal wars. Country mostly closed for renovations.
  • 1850 - 1875: foreign influence forces country to open. Ambitious retainers of the independent lords decide that this is their chance. They swiftly take the country over and industrialize.
  • 1900 - present: no notable internal wars.

So, adding that up, when was it divided? Maybe in prehistory, but if we start from the appearance of writing, we have around 600 years of general unity with a single period of civil war oriented around who gets to lead the government. Following the appearance of samurai, things get a lot more spotty, but there's a couple of unified governments, and even in the rough times nobody is arguing that one cultural subcategory of Japan should exterminate another. Still, from 1150-1600, you have about 150 years of unity and 300 years of disunity. Following that, you have one (1) more internal war (which I will overestimate as 25 years of serious internal instability) in the 400 years leading to the present and otherwise total unity.

Across this time period, although I have no idea what is sufficient in your eyes to be "meaningfully different" - perhaps it's the Edo-period complaint that the Kantou or Kansai eat their noodles like fucking animals, perhaps not - no people in Japan felt their "meaningful differences" were good reason to start a war. Directly competing ambitious elites certainly had a reason to start wars with one another, and did so frequently, but just as frequently took vassals and intermarried and felt no particular need to enforce one way of producing miso over another. That was the concern of peasants, after all.

The thing that irks me about your initial comment isn't that it implies Japan was ever violent. Certainly it was violent! Certainly there was great discord and strife! Coethnicity is no panacea against human conflict. The second story in Genesis is about someone killing his very brother. What irks me is that it seems to be based on a definition of "ethnic" that has no meaningful subject, or else is based on a representation of Japanese history which is not reflected in reality. The reality of Japanese history, and Japanese conflict, is something I've found deeply interesting, and it has its roots in petty court intrigues and the powerful and chaotic dynamics of feudal vassalage. But there is no ethnic side to these conflicts, and they do not need an ethnic side to be interesting. Trying to color them as ethnic loses the real hue of that history, which is what changes as conflicts cease to be feudal and begin to be ethnic - which, incidentally, is a good description of what happened over the course of the Napoleonic Wars.