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Notes -
If states were a single economic entity, then one would really need game theory to explain why harming yourself plus the party that defected from free trade would be a good idea. But states are generally not a single economic entity.
For consumer goods, a simplified model would be that a state contains both industry which builds consumer goods -- cars, smartphones, TVs and the like -- and people which buy such things.
The consumer side -- which will bear the impact of import tariffs -- has a coordination problem. If everyone has to pay 50$ more for a smartphone, that is not worth anyone's time to really get upset about. This is especially true because the consumer might not even know what fraction of the prices they are paying is tariffs. And of course, they also will not see the international competition which decided not to compete in their domestic market in the first place. Even for major investments like cars, it is hard to get upset if you don't know what offers you might be missing.
The supply side -- both the workers and the owners of the factories -- has no such coordination problem. If a small minority in a country is losing their jobs due to tariffs imposed by another country, that is very likely to result in political action.
In net, import tariffs hurt your own consumers and foreign producers, but because nobody cares about the trivial pain of a lot of consumers, they can be treated as mostly hurting the foreign producers.
In other areas, things work differently and a state is closer to a single economic entity. For example, for military hardware or critical means of production (such as the lithography machines you mentioned), things are reversed. China does not go: "Europe, if you impose a tariff on our electric cars, we will retaliate by placing high tariffs on ASML", as that would hurt their semiconductor industry far more than it would hurt a niche European company. Instead, strategic concerns dominate here. If you buy weapon systems, you want to be reasonable certain that you will still get ammo for them in conflicts which you anticipate. If you sell weapons, the strategic impact of them will likely be a more important consideration than just making a quick buck. I guess on the buyers side, strategic considerations might work kind of like a tariff -- if country A would be indifferent between buying a 50M$ fighter jet from country B or a 100M$ jet from country C, this could be seen as a 100% tariff on fighter jets from country B (imposed by and paid for by country A, so no money is changing hands). Of course, on the supply side of things, often it is "we will not sell the AI chips / ICBMs to you for any price you would care to pay" instead.
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