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Notes -
I'm only going to address (1) and (3) since (2) and (4) are just appeals to authority.
You can locate boundaries between racial types, and there are reliable lumpings/clusters of characteristics to track. These boundaries just aren't "parallel to the axes" - as in, if the X-axis is color and the Y-axis is hair curliness, the boundary might not be a vertical or horizontal line. But also any random geneticist can build nicely separated clusters of humans with bog standard statistical techniques. Here's Razib Khan, for example, being a nerd about Bengali genetics:
https://www.brownpundits.com/2019/09/01/most-of-the-east-asian-in-east-bengalis-is-not-from-the-munda/
https://i0.wp.com/www.brownpundits.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Rplot05.png?ssl=1
(Note that PC1 and PC2 in the graphs are principal components, not an individual feature.)
Also, there is no "unique" boundary because Bengalis and Tibetans are separated so much that lots of different lines would do a good job of separating them.
When I read this sentence, two thoughts went through my head one after the other:
You can't expect a professor teaching a "philosophy of race" class to understand principal component analysis or clustering or population/individual genetics. Those are math and science; totally different departments!
... But if they don't understand the extremely relevant math and science in this case, and proceed to talk nonsense because of that ignorance, then what the hell good are they? And why should anybody take them seriously?
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