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Industrialization, of course. In an agrarian society, close cooperation with strangers isn't as important. In an industrial society, it is. Those who are predisposed against spending time professionally in close quarters with strangers are fine in an agrarian society but will be unable to earn a living in an industrial society. Their genes will be largely eliminated from each generation after the advent of industrialization. Three generations should be more than sufficient to change the character of a society.
We aren't talking about evolving a new organ or something. We're talking about weeding out or magnifying certain existing traits that are known to have significant heritable components. As a thought experiment, if only one in three blond people reproduced in each generation, I hope it's obvious that we'd dramatically reduce the proportion of blond people within three generations. It wouldn't take long at all.
Is "tendency to spend time professionally in close quarters with strangers" even a distinct "trait" that is solely or mostly genetic, like fur color? I'm fairly sure that if you took a bantu or hunter gatherer fetus and implanted them into a mother in Kowloon Walled City, when they grew up they'd be entirely used to, and find natural, being around so many other people. They might have other problems, but people are intelligent and work in the culture and environment they're born into.
Sure, and I agree a change like some behavior-related alleles becoming 30% more common can't be excluded. But there are a ton of possible changes those could cause, and the way they interact with 'culture' is probably complicated and contingent, such that claiming this "determines" culture in any sense is probably wrong.
We have genetic material for populations in the last 200 years though, and I don't think any alleles were that strongly selected. And most of ones that were mostly selected were - iirc, i'd have to look again - diet or disease related, as opposed to brain, and none nearly so much as 'blondes have children at 1/3 the rate of brown haired'.
I don't know what a "distinct trait" means. It's certainly going to be polygenic. And of course it's going to be substantially heritable. The big five personality traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Of those, the latter three are heavily implicated in one's ability to be good at professional collaboration. Extraversion is going to be heavily implicated in one's ability to succeed generally in a society of specialized labor, rather than one of subsistence farming. And all are known to be quite heritable. And those are probably just the tip of the iceberg. We haven't come close to cataloguing every variation in human personality or behavior, and everything tends to be at least somewhat heritable.
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